| HS Code | 368420 |
| Chemical Name | Polylactic Acid |
| Density | 1.24-1.25 g/cm³ |
| Melt Flow Rate | 10-20 g/10 min (190°C/2.16 kg) |
| Melting Point | 170-180°C |
| Glass Transition Temperature | 60-65°C |
| Tensile Strength | 50-60 MPa |
| Elongation At Break | 3-5% |
| Flexural Modulus | 3000-3500 MPa |
| Notched Izod Impact Strength | 2.5-3.5 kJ/m² |
| Heat Deflection Temperature | 100-120°C (0.45 MPa) |
| Vicat Softening Temperature | 100-110°C |
| Moisture Content | ≤0.05% |
| Appearance | White to off-white pellets |
| Biobased Content | Approximately 100% renewable carbon |
| Biodegradability | Compostable under industrial conditions |
| Processing Method | Injection molding |
As an accredited Polylactic Acid (PLA) REVODE193 factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Polylactic Acid (PLA) REVODE193 is supplied in 25 kg net-weight polyethylene-lined multi-wall paper bags, palletized and securely wrapped. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | 20′ FCL container loaded with Polylactic Acid (PLA) REVODE193, securely palletized and packed for safe, efficient chemical transport. |
| Shipping | Polylactic Acid (PLA) REVODE193 is shipped as non-hazardous thermoplastic pellets, usually in sealed 25 kg moisture-barrier bags or 500–1000 kg jumbo bags. It is not classified as dangerous goods. Keep packaging closed; store cool, dry, and ventilated, avoiding heat, moisture, and direct sunlight. Standard industrial handling applies. |
| Storage | Store Polylactic Acid (PLA) REVODE193 in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area, away from direct sunlight, heat, and ignition sources. Keep containers tightly closed in original moisture-barrier packaging, preferably with desiccant. Protect from moisture, high humidity, and strong oxidizers. Recommended storage: below 30°C and below 50% relative humidity. Rotate stock and avoid prolonged open-air exposure to prevent hydrolysis and degradation. |
| Shelf Life | Shelf life: 24 months in unopened original packaging under cool, dry conditions, away from moisture, heat, and sunlight. |
In multi-cavity injection molding of disposable cutlery, portion cups, cold-drink lids, and salad bowls, REVODE193 functions as a high-clarity poly(L-lactic acid) injection-molding resin for thin-wall serviceware. Food-contact compliance is governed by Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 with the total migration limit of 10 mg/dm² set out in Annex II, as amended, and by GB 4806.7-2016 for China-bound food-contact articles; U.S. FDA status is not established by citing 21 CFR 177.1520 because that section addresses olefin polymers, so the applicable Food Contact Notification for REVODE193 must be obtained from the supplier for each finished formulation. Specific migration testing is performed according to EN 1186-1 and food simulants assigned under Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 Annex III. The formulation for cold-service serviceware is typically 96.0–99.0 wt% REVODE193, 0.5–2.0 wt% nucleating masterbatch, and 0.3–1.0 wt% food-grade slip and antiblock concentrate; nucleating addition above 2.0 wt% generally reduces clarity and is justified only where a measurable improvement in heat deflection under load is required. Pre-processing moisture control is critical because PLA undergoes ester hydrolysis above 250 ppm residual moisture; a desiccant-wheel dryer with a dew point no higher than -40 °C and a bed temperature of 80 °C for 4 h is required. Injection molding uses barrel temperatures from rear to nozzle of approximately 175 °C, 185 °C, 195 °C, and 200 °C, a melt temperature held between 195 °C and 205 °C, and a nozzle temperature not exceeding 210 °C; average residence time above 8 min at melt temperature drives measurable lactide formation and yellowing. The mold surface is maintained at 25–40 °C to preserve amorphous transparency, while injection speed is set at 150–250 mm/s and hold pressure at 60–80 MPa for thin-wall filling. Mold temperatures above 45 °C without a validated nucleating system produce inconsistent clarity and can extend cycle time by more than 20%; mold temperatures below 20 °C commonly generate jetting defects and weld-line embrittlement. Lot-release data for injection molders are commonly evaluated using ISO 1133-1:2022 for melt flow rate, ISO 527-2:2012 for tensile yield strength, ISO 179-1:2020 for notched Charpy impact, and ISO 75-2:2013 Method A for heat deflection temperature at 0.45 MPa. Terminal products are cold-use disposable forks, spoons, knives, portion cups, cold-drink lids, and salad bowls.
Cosmetic packaging injection molding requires high clarity and scratch resistance, but the substitution of amorphous copolyester with REVODE193 must be validated against oil and fragrance resistance, dimensional stability after filling, and drop-impact performance in thick sections. The applicable regulatory framework includes Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 Article 17 for packaging safety, REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 Article 33 for substances of very high concern above the 0.1 wt% threshold, and EU Packaging Directive 94/62/EC for total heavy-metal limits below 100 mg/kg. The formulation is typically 94.0–98.0 wt% REVODE193, 2.0–5.0 wt% impact modifier where drop-test specifications exceed the neat resin, 1.0–3.0 wt% pigment masterbatch, and 0.3–1.0 wt% clarifying nucleator. Pre-processing moisture is reduced to 250 ppm maximum using a desiccant dryer at 80 °C for 4 h and a dew point of -40 °C. Processing is performed with barrel temperatures of 180–205 °C, hot-runner valve gating to reduce visible weld lines, and mold temperature of 25–35 °C; tool surfaces are polished to SPI A-1 for transparent jars and compact cases. For wall sections above 3 mm, a two-stage hold profile from 50 MPa to 70 MPa over 8–12 s limits sink marks and internal voids. Terminal products are skincare jars, compact cases, lip balm sleeves, airless pump housings, and clear over-caps for fragrance packaging.
Compounding REVODE193 with dried plant-fiber fillers creates biodegradable injection-molding grades for semi-durable household and horticultural articles where reduced fossil-carbon content and matte surface appearance are specified. The compliance framework for these compounds includes REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 Article 33 SVHC declarations, EU Packaging Directive 94/62/EC heavy-metal limits of 100 mg/kg, and EN 13432:2000 only where a compostability claim is intended for the finished article; industrial compostability of the compound must be re-verified after filler addition because natural fillers alter disintegration kinetics. The typical formulation is 55.0–80.0 wt% REVODE193, 15.0–30.0 wt% wood flour or bamboo fiber dried to 1 wt% moisture, 2.0–5.0 wt% maleic anhydride-grafted PLA coupling agent, 1.0–3.0 wt% internal lubricant, and 1.0–4.0 wt% pigment masterbatch. Compounding is performed on a co-rotating twin-screw extruder with L/D 40:1, side feeding of fiber downstream of the melting zone, venting at -0.08 MPa, and melt temperatures capped at 190 °C to prevent cellulose browning and volatile acetaldehyde release. Injection molding of the resulting pellet uses a wear-resistant screw and barrel, barrel temperatures of 175–195 °C, mold temperature of 25–50 °C, and moderately slow injection speeds of 80–150 mm/s due to higher compound viscosity. Terminal products include plant pots, trays, hangers, brush handles, and desk organizers with visible natural-fiber surface texture.
| Application | Moisture ceiling | Melt or barrel temperature | Mold temperature | Processing constraint |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thin-wall food service injection molding | 250 ppm | 195–205 °C melt | 25–40 °C | Barrel above 230 °C increases lactide |
| Cosmetics packaging injection molding | 250 ppm | 180–205 °C | 25–35 °C | Hold profile required above 3 mm |
| Biocomposite injection molding | 250 ppm after drying | 175–195 °C | 25–50 °C | Melt above 190 °C darkens natural fiber |
| Toy and hobby molding | 250 ppm | 175–205 °C | 20–35 °C | Regrind above 20 wt% requires re-testing |
Multi-cavity toy molding with REVODE193 must satisfy mechanical safety and restricted-substance requirements that are independent of food-contact status. Regulatory testing is defined by EN 71-1:2014+A1:2018 for physical and mechanical properties, EN 71-3:2019+A1:2021 for migration of nineteen elements, ASTM F963-23 for U.S. toy safety, and REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 Annex XVII for phthalates and other restricted substances. The formulation consists of 96.0–100.0 wt% REVODE193 and 1.0–4.0 wt% high-dispersion pigment masterbatch; an impact modifier is added only above 3.0 wt% when drop-test performance below -10 °C must be demonstrated, because modifier loading reduces surface hardness and can increase volatile organic compound emissions. The resin is dried to a moisture ceiling of 250 ppm at 80 °C for 4 h before barrel entry. Molding uses barrel temperatures of 175–205 °C, mold temperature of 20–35 °C, and injection speeds of 100–180 mm/s depending on wall thickness. Terminal products include building blocks, puzzle pieces, pretend-play accessories, and craft-bead blanks. Regrind rates above 20 wt% require re-verification of notched Charpy impact retention and heavy-metal migration because degradation can increase low-molecular-weight oligomer release under acidic toy-saliva simulants.
Stationery and household goods produced from REVODE193 are injection molded without food-contact or toy-specific migration tests, but the compound still carries minimum regulatory obligations under REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 Article 33 SVHC declaration above 0.1 wt% and EU Packaging Directive 94/62/EC heavy-metal limits of 100 mg/kg for lead, cadmium, mercury, and hexavalent chromium; if the finished part is used in an electrical or electronic accessory, RoHS Directive 2011/65/EU Annex II maximum concentration values also apply. The formulation is 98.0–100.0 wt% REVODE193 with 0–2.0 wt% pigment masterbatch, although transparent articles are often molded as 100.0 wt% neat resin to retain light transmittance. Barrel entry is preceded by desiccant drying to 250 ppm at 80 °C for 4 h. Injection molding uses barrel temperatures of 180–205 °C, mold temperature of 25–35 °C, and screw recovery speeds that avoid shear heating above 210 °C. Terminal products are pen bodies, desk organizers, transparent storage boxes, and non-food household organizers.
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Polylactic Acid (PLA) REVODE193 is a bio-based aliphatic polyester supplied under the REVODE trade name by Zhejiang Hisun Biomaterials Co., Ltd. The product is prepared by catalytic ring-opening polymerisation of lactide derived from plant sugar fermentation, followed by devolatilisation and pelletisation. The REVODE193 designation identifies a specific melt-flow and molecular-weight classification rather than a generic PLA homopolymer, and the grade is intended for melt-processing operations in which hydrolytic stability, melt rheology, and lot-to-lot consistency influence screw design and tooling decisions. Published consolidated datasheets for REVODE193 are less widely available than those for adjacent REVODE-series grades; exact melt mass-flow rate, tensile strength at yield, flexural modulus, and residual lactide values should therefore be read from the lot certificate of analysis before production tooling is commissioned. The product can be described as a renewable polyester with processing characteristics significantly different from polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and general-purpose polyolefins.
During predrying in a desiccant-wheel dryer with a dew point not exceeding -40 °C and an inlet-air temperature of 80 °C, PLA REVODE193 should be held for 4 h or until the residual moisture reaches a level below 250 ppm. Moisture determination is carried out by ISO 15512:2019 or equivalent Karl Fischer titration. The boundary is important because PLA is an aliphatic polyester; water in the melt hydrolyses the ester linkage, reducing molecular weight and producing measurable melt-flow increase. In production-scale extrusion, moisture levels above 400 ppm in PLA homopolymer are generally recognised as capable of causing viscosity loss and bubble formation in the melt. Relative humidity above 60% in the raw-material storage area increases uptake and shortens allowable open hopper residence time. Amine-based additives, including some slip concentrates and certain colour masterbatches, should be avoided without prior rheological testing because they can accelerate chain scission. The feed throat must remain below 40 °C to prevent pellet bridging; hopper magnets and screen packs are recommended upstream to protect the screw and hot-runner system. Drying is not optional for this resin class, and bypassing it creates an operational boundary before melt enters the barrel.
Because PLA melt viscosity is more temperature-sensitive than polyolefin melt viscosity, barrel-temperature profiling for REVODE193 must balance melt homogeneity against the thermal ceiling. The single-point melt mass-flow rate is tested under ISO 1133-1:2022 at 210 °C with a 2.16 kg load; this value is used for lot release and is not sufficient for screw-design calculations. Capillary rheometry between 180 °C and 220 °C at apparent shear rates from 100 s⁻¹ to 5,000 s⁻¹ is needed to determine viscosity as a function of shear and temperature. Published data for REVODE193-specific power-law parameters is limited; typical PLA melts exhibit pseudoplastic behaviour with a power-law index in the range 0.3 to 0.7. On single-screw extruders with L/D ratios from 32:1 to 44:1, barrel settings commonly follow a profile of 160 °C to 210 °C, with melt discharge at 190 °C to 210 °C. Screw speeds from 60 rpm to 120 rpm produce adequate melt quality, but shear heating can raise melt temperature by 10 °C to 15 °C. Above 240 °C, measurable lactide regeneration and discolouration occur; therefore the practical upper melt limit is 220 °C to 230 °C, with residence time not exceeding 5 min. Vented barrels with vacuum at or below -0.08 MPa assist in removing volatile degradation products. Compared with polypropylene extrusion, start-up purge requirements are more stringent, and prolonged hold at temperature is not permissible.
Injection moulding of PLA REVODE193 shifts gate freeze-off and packing pressure transfer because the material begins to solidify quickly below the glass transition. Mould temperature should be selected between 25 °C and 60 °C; temperatures below this range produce amorphous parts with low heat deflection, while temperatures above 60 °C can cause ejection difficulty unless the mould is designed with adequate draft and release coating. Melt temperature at the nozzle is typically set between 190 °C and 210 °C, and injection pressure is governed by part thickness and flow length. On production equipment with clamp force capacities from 80 t to 250 t, PLA REVODE193 can be moulded into thin-wall articles if the tool has adequate venting and a hot runner with low dead-volume. The material is not directly interchangeable with a higher-flow REVODE injection grade; spiral-flow moulding under ISO 294-1:2017 conditions and gate-freeze time measurement should be performed before replacing the existing resin. Compared with polypropylene, the PLA melt is stiffer and less impact-tolerant; film-gate and fan-gate configurations reduce shear imbalance. Packing pressure should be applied early because gate freeze-off occurs rapidly in thin walls, and hold-pressure times must be validated using short-shot studies rather than borrowed from semicrystalline polyolefin cycles. Tool cooling circuits should be sized for lower thermal degradation risk and for dimensional stability after demoulding.
Compared with polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate, PLA REVODE193 may require changes to thermoforming, extrusion, and sealing equipment. The material-class density of PLA is 1.24 g/cm³ to 1.26 g/cm³ per ISO 1183-1:2019, slightly below PET and significantly above PP. Tensile modulus is higher than PP but elongation at break is much lower. Heat deflection under 0.45 MPa by ISO 75-2:2013 Method B is generally in the 50 °C to 60 °C range for amorphous PLA; this makes the grade suitable for cold-fill and ambient-fill packaging but not for hot-fill or ovenable containers unless crystallised or compounded with nucleating agents. Oxygen barrier at 23 °C and 50% relative humidity is better than PP but inferior to PET; water-vapour barrier is lower than PP. The difference from petrochemical packaging resins is most visible in end-of-life certification: PLA can be assessed against ASTM D6400 or EN 13432 for industrial compostability when the complete formulation is certified. The bio-based carbon content can be measured by ASTM D6866, but this test does not certify compostability or degradation. For packaging applications, seal initiation temperatures and sealing dwell times differ from polyolefins; laboratory heat-seal tests based on ASTM F2029 are recommended.
| Property | Test method | PLA resin class | PP reference | PET reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Density | ISO 1183-1:2019 | 1.24–1.26 g/cm³ | 0.90–0.91 g/cm³ | 1.38–1.40 g/cm³ |
| Tensile strength at yield | ISO 527-2:2012 | 45–70 MPa | 25–35 MPa | 50–60 MPa |
| Tensile modulus | ISO 527-2:2012 | 3.0–4.0 GPa | 1.0–1.8 GPa | 2.8–3.5 GPa |
| Elongation at break | ISO 527-2:2012 | 2–10% | 100–600% | 30–70% |
| Flexural modulus | ISO 178:2019 | 3.0–4.5 GPa | 1.0–1.5 GPa | 2.5–3.5 GPa |
| Heat deflection temperature, 0.45 MPa | ISO 75-2:2013 Method B | 50–60 °C | 90–110 °C | 70–80 °C |
| Residual moisture after drying | ISO 15512:2019 | < 250 ppm recommended | < 200 ppm typical | < 50 ppm recommended |
Values in Table 1 are material-class reference intervals drawn from public polymer-characterisation sources, not lot-specific REVODE193 results. Supplier certificates of analysis remain the governing source for production decisions.
Regulatory claims for REVODE193 are composition-dependent. The resin itself may be assessed as a polymer under REACH; registration obligations for the polymer are limited, but the monomer and unreacted lactide may be subject to registration under Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006. RoHS compliance is assessed under Directive 2011/65/EU for restricted heavy metals and flame retardants. Food-contact status is not automatic for the final package; finished articles must comply with applicable FDA food-contact regulations or EU Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 as appropriate for the intended food type and use conditions. Industrial compostability of a compound requires certification of the complete formulation under ASTM D6400 or EN 13432; neat resin test data do not guarantee compostability of a filled, coloured, or laminated product.
| Regulatory domain | Standard or regulation | Assessment basis |
|---|---|---|
| EU chemical registration | Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 | Polymer registration; monomer registration for unreacted lactide as applicable |
| RoHS | Directive 2011/65/EU | Restricted heavy metals, PBB, PBDE below maximum concentration values |
| Food-contact packaging | FDA 21 CFR 175.300 or EU Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 | End-testing of finished article; migration limits depend on food simulant and temperature |
| Industrial compostability | ASTM D6400 or EN 13432 | Certification of complete formulation; disintegration, biodegradation, ecotoxicity |
| Bio-based carbon | ASTM D6866 | Renewable carbon ratio; not a biodegradability claim |
Compounding with talc, chalk, or nucleating agents alters the heat deflection and impact behaviour of PLA REVODE193. On a co-rotating twin-screw extruder with 40:1 L/D and side feeding for mineral fillers, filler loadings up to 20 wt% require screw configuration with low-shear mixing elements to avoid molecular-weight loss. The use of impact modifiers can raise notched Izod values, but tensile yield and stiffness decrease. Batch-to-batch variation in filler particle size and moisture content affects dispersion quality; filler moisture below 0.1% by weight is recommended before side feeding. For nucleation, addition of 1 wt% to 5 wt% of a PLA-compatible nucleating agent may raise heat deflection temperature above 60 °C after annealing, but the effect must be measured by ISO 75-2:2013 on actual parts rather than neat resin test bars. Processing conditions for filled compounds are narrower than for neat resin, and direct scale-up from laboratory batch mixers to production extruders requires torque and melt-pressure data.
